Follow Us

Get Daily Updates

INTERVIEW: Dash Shaw!

Monday, December 21st, 2009

 The Unclothed Man in the 35th Century AD

In my Preview Reviews column a couple of months ago I brought up cartoonist Dash Shaw as one of the most exciting new creators working in comics today, and his upcoming book, The Unclothed Man in the 35th Century AD (Fantagraphics, $19.99), as one of those I was looking forward to the most this year. A collection of new stuff and previously released short stories and rarities, it’s currently set for a December 30th release, and for it Dash has teamed up with IFC in order to create a series of animated shorts to be shown on their website.

From the press release:

“Each episode of this four-part Web series chronicles Rebel X-6, a man who works for an anti-droid organization in a futuristic world where student artists can no longer draw the living human form. Challenging the convention of hiding the use of line in animation and using an intricate, organic drawing style, Shaw attracts attention to each frame as a complete illustration. With an uplifting, constantly evolving soundtrack that mirrors Shaw’s work, he uses surreal dreams and an achingly human touch to bring his characters to life.

The series’ animated human hero, Rebel X-6, sets out on a quest to initiate change in the 35th Century A.D. An artist guild that believes living people should model for live drawings instead of droids in art class hires Rebel X-6. Rebel X-6’s assignment is to enter Art School 46 posing as “Model-Droid #343.” He must appear life-like but take on the characteristics of standard model droids, which do not laugh, cry, swear or exhibit other human shortcomings. His mission is to subvert the school’s ban on drawings of real humans by tricking the students into drawing him. His journey ends with a new compatriot and understanding of the humanity that surrounds him.

THE UNCLOTHED MAN IN THE 35TH CENTURY A.D. is Shaw’s first book since his breakthrough graphic novel of 2008, Bottomless Belly Button, which was named Publishers Weekly’s best graphic novel of 2008 and one of Entertainment Weekly’s top ten books of 2008, among numerous other accolades. The book also collects Shaw’s acclaimed, genre-bending short stories from MOME, including Look Forward, First Son of Terra Two, Galactic Funnels, Outstanding Story, Satellite CMYK and Making the Abyss, a fictionalized story of a surreal film set filled with nuclear tanks, hot tubs, and blind ambition.”

I recently had the chance to briefly discuss the project with Dash:

BIG SHINY ROBOTI plugged the Unclothed Man in one of my columns a couple of months ago, based on the strength of your previous work, specifically the MOME short stories. Are all of them included in the book? And what else is in it?

DASH SHAW: All of them are in the book except for “Train” because I looked at it again and it sucked too hard. Some of them have been slightly changed for this collection. An older comic from 2005 called “Cartooning Symbolia” is in it. I still liked it for some reason. A new story called “The Uncanny Reproduction” is in it. And the first 24 pages of the book have the Unclothed Man short stories plus backgrounds and storyboards and a flip book from the animated series. The first 24 pages are like an “animation art book” and the next 80 pages have the short stories.

 MOME

BSRSo, other than “The Cartographer,” of which I only know from the back pages of The Mother’s Mouth, I am not aware of any other forays of yours into animation or film. Is this something you have been doing or interested in doing for a while now? And how did the IFC thing come about?

SHAW: I did animations for Bottomless Belly Button and BodyWorld, just one minute animation tests. Those are online if you look for them. I’ve always liked animation and watched a lot of cartoons and collected animation art books. The IFC thing came about because I showed them the animations for Bottomless and BodyWorld and the Unclothed Man comic. Based on that, they said “okay” for the animated series.

BSR: Speaking of BodyWorld, this acclaimed webcomic of yours is about to be published as a book by Pantheon. Having read it, I can imagine some instances where the translation from web to print would be rather difficult. What are some of the differences between the two?

SHAW: The differences are many, and most of them are probably obvious. Webcomics aren’t printed.  There aren’t any “pages.” It was serialized online, rather than one long reading experience. The print version has new material and I made a lot of changes to the comic. I’d change the colors or add different elements in a way that I think favors the print format. I just got a dummy of the book to see how the covers and everything will look and I’m very happy with it. Pantheon is smart. They believe in the beauty of print and they believe people will shell out for a nice book, even though a different version of the same story is online. They have a lot of faith in the new material and the book as an object.

BSRA lot of your previous work, like Love Eats Brains and Mother’s Mouth, was done at least partially in color, but eventually published in black and white only. Why is that?

SHAW: You’ve done your research! It’s because I wasn’t thinking about what I was doing at the time. I did those while a student at the School of Visual Arts, where I’d show the originals. Sometimes I’d do the originals in color and sometimes in black and white. When they were printed, it made more sense to just do a gray book then figure out how to make the color pages printed in color and the black and white pages in black and white. Really, the honest answer is that I wasn’t thinking about it as much as I guess I should have.

BSR: I’ve followed your work for some time now, and you have rather quickly established yourself as a creator to watch out for. Your climb up the publishing ladder, from Oddgod Press (note: a publishing operation run by a Richmond, VA comics retailer) to Pantheon, certainly seems to reflect that. Is the pressure greater now, or do you not concern yourself with the commercial aspects of your work until after it’s completed, if at all?

SHAW: This is a long answer. Oddgod Press published Love Eats Brains because they asked me about it. I know those guys because I’d shop there when I lived in Richmond. And then I did a collection called Goddess Head because I used to contribute to an anthology called Garish Zow and one of the editors called me and asked about doing a collection of my shorts. So things would happen pretty organically for a while, but those felt like weird arrangements, like Tim Goodyear, who published Goddess Head, took a loan out from a bank to do it!  Ha ha. It was awesome that he did it (I mean, I love Tim), but I think he lost a lot of money on it.

I kept applying for Xeric Foundation grants to self-publish and I kept losing. And then Fantagraphics did Bottomless Belly Button and they’d publish me in MOME, so then all of the comics I’d been drawing for a few years would now have a regular publisher. I’d also done half of BodyWorld by the time Bottomless came out. BodyWorld started online in 2007. But after Bottomless came out, I was going to have to get a day job. I’d run out of the money I’d saved while living so cheaply in Richmond. So I called Fantagraphics and told them I was going to try to sell BodyWorld. They understood. I mean, I guess what I’m saying is that all of these projects I was doing anyway. I’ve never sold a treatment and then executed something with the expectations of the publisher looming over my shoulder. By the time I got the advance for BodyWorld I was drawing the last chapter of it. These comics were going to exist in some form anyway. It’s all been a combination of drawing a ridiculous amount and total luck.

 Bottomless Belly Button

If there’s a way to do what I’m already doing and luck into a situation where I don’t have to think about money, because I have enough to live off of for a while, I’m going to try to get in that situation. I think a lot of it stems from my general hatred of illustration work. I hate illustration gigs. I tried to get them (for money) for a while, and I’d always half-ass it because I hated doing it. I hated feeling like I had to draw consistently, in some consistent “style.” I hated everything about illustration. So after having that experience for a couple years, I just decided I’m not an illustrator and I’m not going to do work-for-hire and I don’t want any commercial expectations and that I’d just do whatever I wanted to do for as long as I possibly could. If I run out of money, I’ll move back to Richmond, where I paid 200 dollars a month for a shitty room, and work as a figure-drawing model again for 12 bucks an hour. I drew all of Bottomless that way, but right now I have even more time to do whatever I want. I don’t know how long it’ll last.

BSRSo, do you read a lot of other people’s comics? Are there any of your peers whose work you would say you admired?

SHAW: I basically only read comics that I get at conventions now, because when I’m at home I’m just drawing, and when I’m on the subway I’m reading a magazine or an all-word book. But I got a lot of comics at the Brooklyn Comics and Graphics Festival this past weekend. It was run by my friends Dan Nadel, the Picturebox publisher, and Gabe Fowler, the Desert Island comic store owner. There was a lot of good stuff there. I got new minis from Matthew Thurber and C.F. and Anya Davidson and they’re all really great. Those are available on the Picturebox website. I recently got to collaborate with two peers I admire: Tom K (who does amazing short stories for MOME), we did a comic for the next volume of MOME about computer rendered society; and Jesse Moynihan (who does a webcomic called “Forming” on his website) who wrote a story about his father and the TV show Lost that I drew that’ll be a mini comic insert in a forthcoming issue of The Believer magazine.

I’d name more people but I’d feel like a dick if I left someone out. I probably already forgot someone.

BSR: Gary Panter strikes me as an obvious influence, but who are some other creators you would say have shaped your artistic sensibilities and style?

SHAW: I haven’t gotten Gary for a while, nowadays people always say Mazzucchelli. But I’ve ripped off of both of those guys. When someone tells me who they think my influences are, it usually says more about the comics they read. When Mazzucchelli flipped through “Bottomless” years ago, he said: “looks like manga.” Because he looks at the same manga I look at. But for a lot of people it’ll look like something else.

Anyway, instead of listing a bunch of people I’ll just name three people who I’ve learned a lot from in college and I think deserve more attention:

1. Keith Mayerson’s comic Horror Hospital Unplugged,

2. Thomas Herpich’s comics Cusp and Gongwanadon,

3. Hal Hartley’s movies.

BSR: Finally, what’s next for you, Dash?

SHAW: I’m working on an animated feature called “Slobs and Nags” and a comic called “Torture Hospital.”  I don’t want to say more about them because I don’t want to jinx it.

BSR: Thanks again, and best of luck!

You can view the animated shorts for The Unclothed Man in the 35th Century here. To pre-order the book, talk to your local retailer, or click on the image below:

 The Unclothed Man in the 35th Century AD

Previews Reviews: November 2009

Tuesday, November 17th, 2009

I know, I know, I’m late this month, and I missed last month, for which I sincerely apologize. It was kind of a shitty month anyway, and its sole highlight will get a mention here, so it’s all good, right?

I’ll spare you the Tim Tebow speech, and dive right in:

BLACKSAD VOLUME 1 HC (Dark Horse, $29.99)

As announced at the San Diego Comic Con earlier this year, Dark Horse is reprinting all three volumes of the hardboiled anthropomorphic detective series in a deluxe oversized hardcover. These have been unavailable to English-speaking audiences since original US publisher iBooks went out of business a couple of years ago. Beautifully illustrated, and a winner of several European awards, Blacksad is a highly accomplished genre work that should not have been languishing in reprint limbo for this long. Check out this preview and you’ll see why.

blacksad

MESMO DELIVERY (Dark Horse, $9.99)

Another reprint, this time of the American debut by the Brazilian artist Rafael Grampá, which was originally published by AdHouse just last year. The story, which centers on two truckers who make special kinds of deliveries, is a bit slight, but heavy on style and gore, and Grampá’s art, an unholy fusion of Geoff Darrow and Frank Quitely, is simply stunning. The new edition comes with a new cover, a new introduction by Brian Azzarello, a sketchbook section, and pin-up art from Eduardo Risso and Craig Thompson, among others.

THE BRONX KILL HC (DC Comics/Vertigo, $19.99)

See, I’m what you would call a hardcover fetishist and even I think they are marketing the Vertigo Crime line the wrong way. A line of books that is designed to recall old pulp paperbacks should mirror their format and price range as well. Otherwise, the currently $20 hardcover-only line will have a hard time finding and maintaining an audience, regardless of the quality of material. Which, so far, hasn’t exactly been blowing my skirt up.

Ian Rankin’s Dark Entries and the upcoming The Chill by Jason Starr were both supernatural thrillers, rather than crime stories, and the blatant mislabeling aside, it kind of irks me that they would get two of today’s most popular crime novelists and have them write John Constantine-type stories (literally, in Rankin’s case) instead of what they do best. I hope this is more along the lines of what we were initially promised.

JOE THE BARBARIAN #1 (DC Comics/Vertigo, $2.99)

Grant Morrison being back at Vertigo makes people happy. His fans rejoice because that is where he has arguably done his best work, while his detractors breathe a sigh of relief because he is temporarily not involved in messing with their beloved superheroes. He is joined by Sean Murphy, a promising young artist, whose debut graphic novel Off-Road I rather liked, for a project Morrison describes as Home Alone meets Lord of the Rings, and which strikes me as the perfect premise for Morrison’s unbridled imagination. And the fact that this was recently expanded from 3 issues to 8 only seems to confirm that.

DAYTRIPPER #2 (DC Comics/Vertigo, $2.99)

The Brazillian twins Gabriel Bá and Fabio Moon established themselves as two creators to watch out for with De:Tales, a collection of short stories which recalled Paul Pope’s tales of urban romance with touches of South American magical realism. A few years later (and with a couple of high-profile projects under their belt), Daytripper sees them returning to Brazil, as they attempt to chronicle a man’s life over the span of 10 issues, in what appears to be yet another leap in their maturation as storytellers.

AVENGERS: WORLD TRUST HC (Marvel, $24.99)

If there ever was a Marvel story that deserved the hardcover treatment, it’s the newly minted Scientist Supreme’s (…who writes this shit?) excellent adventure through his wife’s vagina. I mean, clearly

HICKSVILLE: NEW DEFINITIVE EDITION (Drawn & Quarterly, $19.99)

Dylan Horrocks’ near-forgotten semi-classic about a small town where everyone reads and treasures comics is back in print, and rightfully so. Horrocks may not be the cartoonist that most of his D&Q peers are, but his understatedness and warmth make this celebration of the art form a lot less elitist than it could have been in someone else’s hands, and therefore required reading for everyone claiming to be a comic book lover.

KING OF THE FLIES VOLUME 1 (Fantagraphics, $18.99)

The first volume of Mezzo and Pirus’ suburban horror trilogy finally gets a US release, after only a couple of chapters saw the light of day in Heavy Metal magazine half a decade ago. If you’ve missed your regular dose of Charles Burns after Black Hole, these preview pages suggest that this is bound to scratch that particular itch.

NEXT MONTH: On time!

Check out also:

Previews Reviews for August 2009

Previews Reviews for September 2009

REVIEW: The Dylan Dog Case Files (2009)

Tuesday, October 27th, 2009

 dylandog

Dylan Dog is a comic book about a dude who kills monsters and has sex with a lot of women.

If that sounds intriguing enough for you, stop reading right now and go pick up THE DYLAN DOG CASE FILES (Dark Horse, $24.95). You won’t be disappointed. If you’re still not convinced, how about this: Dylan Dog is a comic book that in its native Italy is known to sell over a million copies per month (in comparison: the top American comic of September 2009Blackest Night #3, sold a little over 140,000)? No? How about the fact that Umberto Eco, Nobel laurate, philosopher, semiotician, and an otherwise really smart guy, likens its readability to that of the Bible and the works of Homer? Are we getting there?

Created in 1986 by writer Tiziano Sclavi for the popular publishing house Sergio Bonelli Editore, whose greatest successes to that point had been westerns (of which Tex is probably the only one familiar to American audiences, thanks to the recent involvement of Joe Kubert), Dylan Dog sprang almost fully-formed from the head of Sclavi (aptly aided by the artist Angelo Stano and cover artist Claudio Villa) with its unique combination of familiar genre tropes and touches of black humor and surrealism, and quickly established itself as a cult favorite. Published in the popular format of monthly 96-page installments drawn by a rotating lineup of artists, it steadily gained readership throughout the rest of the decade, eventually becoming Italy’s best-selling comic, and managing to capture the hearts and minds of critics and the country’s literary intelligentsia along the way, as well.

 dylandog2

It follows the adventures of the perenially broke, self-proclaimed “nightmare investigator”, whose name, according to Sclavi, was equally inspired by the poet Dylan Thomas and the Italian title of a Mickey Spillane novel (Dog figlio di), and it’s exactly this equal-measured regard for both the highbrow and the lowbrow art that makes the series’ best moments so exciting and unpredictable. In a lot of ways, Dylan is the classic pulp hero: his dashing good looks modelled after the formerly handsome actor Rupert Everett, he usually wears the same, easily identifiable outfit consisting of jeans, red shirt, and a black jacket, lives at a very specific address in London (7 Craven Road, a reference to both Wes Craven and Sherlock Holmes, whose 221B Baker Street residence is prominently featured in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories), and drives an old Volkswagen beetle with the license plates “DYD 666”. And like Holmes, he’s got an unique assortment of habits and traits, of which the most prominent is his hopeless romanticism and the remarkable ease with which he falls in (and out of) love.

And he’s got a wise-cracking sidekick named Groucho, who may or may not actually be Groucho Marx.

In a lot of other ways, however, he is not a typical hero at all. He posseses no exceptional skills or smarts and is rather prone to failure. His neuroses and phobias are more reminiscent of Woody Allen, with whom he shares a penchant for the clarinet, than a pulp archetype, and he carries around psychological baggage of Greek proportions: most of the women he beds bear a resemblance to the enigmatic Morgana, who may or may not be his (un)dead mother, and his arch-nemesis is a doctor named Xabaras, who may or not be be his Dad (and is perhaps the Devil himself). This particular brand or Oedipal necrophilia becomes more disturbing as the series unfolds and Dylan (and the reader) learns more about his forgotten childhood, although nothing is ever definitive.

dylandog3

The early Dylan Dog stories are usually based on established, familiar concepts (zombies, werewolves, vampires, etc.), but Sclavi often manages to put a fresh spin on them (in true Italian fashion, this often includes more gratuitous nudity and violence). References to film and literature abound, but he never lets the knowing wink turn into ironic detachment, let alone parody. He gleefully raids the history of pulp fiction, but unlike others who have made a habit (and a career) out of cultural cut-and-paste, he knows that is where his serial ultimately belongs, and he revels in it. Similar to the films of fellow Italian Dario Argento, Dylan Dog often manages to transcend genre boundaries, with its graphic gore and splatter seamlessly making way for poetic imagery and surrealism, but at the end of the day, there is a refreshing lack of pretense that it is anything other than pulp.

However, Sclavi’s progressive lack of involvement in the production of the book during the mid-to-late 90s marked a significant, if inevitable, decline in quality, as writers Claudio Chiaverotti and Pasquale Ruju were left shouldering most of the burden of carrying on the highly successful franchise without its creator (who would later return only as an occasional guest writer), with wildly varying results. Currently, the series is up to issue 276, not counting numerous one-shots and specials, and the constantly changing lineup of writers and artists continues to make it a frustratingly hit-and-miss affair.

That is not to say that The Dylan Dog Case Files, which collects all seven Dylan Dog stories previously available in English, most of which are from the early Sclavi period, is uniformly great. One of the things lost in translation is Groucho, whose name has been changed to Felix for the American editions, and his mustache completely erased from the art, presumably due to legal issues with the Groucho Marx estate, and it effectively robs the book of some of its trademark absurdity. The new covers by Mike Mignola are nice, but they’re barely more than re-drawn versions of the original ones, and while they might help in moving a few extra copies of the book off the store shelves, the best thing about them are probably the interesting comparisons they invite.

 casefiles

There are also a couple of unremarkable stories here, including the original first Dylan Dog issue from 1986, L’alba dei morti viventi, or Dawn of the Living Dead, which is necessary for introductory purposes, but which seems a bit quaint in today’s zombie-saturated comic book market. Just like the Romero classics on which it riffs, it needs to be viewed in its proper context to fully appreciate (and remember, twenty years ago, there just weren’t any books like the Walking Dead around). What has withstood the test of time, however, is the moody artwork by Angelo Stano, the definitive Dylan Dog artist, in my opinion, whose work is more informed by the expressionist linework of painter Egon Schiele than the EC and Warren Comic stylings employed by his peers, and is still as creepy as ever (my second favorite DD artist, Corrado Roi, is sadly not represented in this collection).

But the good stuff is really good. First there is Memories from the Invisible World (or Memorie dall’invisible), which features a slasher film plot narrated by a guy turned invisible because everyone stopped paying any attention to him (and which was originally published as issue 19 in 1988, pre-dating that one Buffy episode by a decade).

Then there is Morgana, originally issue 25, published in 1988, and one of my favorite single comic books of all time. Thematically a sequel to Dawn of the Living Dead, this is where the series’ meta-fictional and post-modernist aspects completely take over, resulting in a surreal, self-referential romp, which features a cartoonist stand-in for Sclavi and Stano bemoaning a lack of readership for his comic in a world that is overrun by zombies (subtle!), years before Grant Morrison made that shit fashionable.

And if Morgana only recalls the works of Fellini, After Midnight (or Dopo mezzanotte, originally issue 26), is based directly on Martin Scorcese’s After Hours, and follows Dylan on a blood-drenched and highly whimsical journey through late-night London. These three stories alone make the collection worth buying, but the rest is always entertaining enough to make the entire book, despite its size and brick-like weight, impossible to put down.

 dellamortedellamore4

There is also a movie starring Rupert Everett called Dellamorte Dellamore, based on a novel by Tiziano Sclavi, which itself is based on characters Sclavi introduced in the third Dylan Dog annual, Orrore NeroDellamorte Dellamore is a play on words, meaning Of Death Of Love (normally spelled della morte dell’amore, but changed here for obvious reasons), and is better known in the States as Cemetery Man. In it Everett plays Francesco Dellamorte, a cemetery caretaker whose true job is to keep the dead who are buried there, well, dead, and whose routine-filled existence begins to unravel when he falls in love with a mysterious stranger, played by the voluptuous Anna Falchi, in various states of undress (and undead).

 dellamortedellamore2

Even with the serial numbers filed off, this is, for all intents and purposes, a Dylan Dog film. Directed by cult director Michele Soavi, former assistant to Dario Argento and Terry Gilliam, it is remarkably rich with atmosphere and beautiful visuals, with the right amounts of dark humor and existentialism thrown in, not to mention the usual Dylan Dog themes of death, love, and obsession, and Rupert Everett looking every bit like he had just leapt out of a comic page. Filmed in 1994, it is one of the last great Italian horror films, but like an above-average episode of the comic book that inspired it, it is also a lot more than that. Put it in your Netflix queue now!

 dellamortedellamore

And then there is the “real” Dylan Dog movie, Dead of Night, which is currently in post-production and still looking for a release date. It’s directed by the guy who did TMNT, features no involvement from Tiziano Sclavi, is rumored to be aiming for a PG-13 rating, is set in America, and stars Brandon Routh as Dylan (in his third comic book movie in as many years, presumably in a bid to eventually end up on every XXXL t-shirt in existence). He looks utterly unconvincing in the preview images I’ve seen so far, and it all reminds me too much of the Constantine fiasco from a few years back, so I’m keeping my expectations accordingly low.

I wish it all the best, however, and I will probably still go see it, because getting more English language editions of the series (like, you know, the remaining 97 percent of it) likely hinges on the box office success of this film. In the meantime, if any of this sounded even remotely interesting, you should definitely check out the few things that are already available. You will dig them, I stake my robot reputation on it.

Previews Reviews: September 2009

Tuesday, September 8th, 2009

Look at this, they are actually letting me write another one!

If this is your first time joining me, the purpose of this column is to scour Diamond’s Previews catalog and highlight upcoming releases which may not be on your radar, but which, for one reason or another, deserve a closer look.

Alternatively, I make fun of people/an ass of myself.

Like I said last month, letting your retailer know that you are interested in one of these titles will make him or her a lot more willing to take a risk on it, especially in these times of economic uncertainty, when most of them just go for the guaranteed sales and ignore everything else. Pre-ordering is even better. Not doing so, on the other hand, will ensure the failure of independent creators and small press publishers and all that is good in the world, you jerks.

The cover for the September 2009 Previews announces Nekron, the Lord of the Undead, as the driving force behind all the shit going down in DC’s Blackest Night crossover. Which I’m not reading, by the way, because I really dislike crossovers. More accurately, I dislike crossovers that require me to buy comics by creators whose work I generally don’t enjoy in order to get the full story, but not nearly as much as I dislike having ongoing series that I follow get interrupted with editorially-mandated tie-in issues (which are designed to temporarily boost the sales of any given title, but are also a surefire way of getting me to drop the book completely. Sorry Peter David’s X-Factor!).

That, and DC’s recent string of Big Event comics has been kind of weak.

I don’t mean to be a dick, but it’s true. The denouement to the murder mystery central to Identity Crisis, which stumped the world’s greatest detectives with access to highly advanced forensics tools, ended up being, um, crazy lady with a flamethrower? It just doesn’t hold up to any scrutiny. Infinite Crisis and Final Crisis featured less rape and crying, but neither ever really managed to generate any momentum, and for all their ambition and scope, they both ended with a return to the status quo. Yawn. Both were also impenetrable to new readers (if they were people, they would be a couple of old guys chasing kids off their lawn with a garden hose), and when high-profile books like that only appeal to a niche audience, it makes one wonder how concerned DC really is about comics’ declining readership.

I might still pick it up in collected form, if I hear good things about it. After all, what I’ve read of Geoff Johns’ Green Lantern has been mostly decent. You guys should check that out, if you haven’t already. I’d tell you why, but summarizing Green Lantern plots always makes them sound more retarded than intended (you try it).

The upside-down back cover is something out of a time capsule, a teaser for the upcoming Image crossover Image United, featuring the original Image founders (sans Jim Lee, obviously) collaborating on each page of the project, each of them drawing their own original Image creations as they get together to battle a yet unrevealed foe (my money is on Neil Gaiman). And the preview pages inside are as awful as you’d expect. These guys seem to bring out the worst in one another, as many of their illustrational tics are turned up to 12 here: there are no feet or background objects in sight, everyone is striking a pose with no regard for page layout or perspective or proportion (one of Witchblade’s titties is bigger than Shaft’s head, for fuck’s sake, and SHE’S STANDING BEHIND HIM), and so on.

 liefeld1

Oh, and it ships with seven (7) different covers. I feel like I’m twelve again.

BATMAN/DOC SAVAGE SPECIAL #1 (DC Comics, pg. 80, $4.99)

The last time Brian Azzarello was in charge of old and obscure DC properties, he made a pretty convincing argument for their inclusion in the modern DC Universe (right before he wrote them out of it!). That was the highly underrated, joyfully metafictional Doctor 13: Architecture and Mortality. Now, he’s teaming up the original, gun-toting version of Batman with old pulp magazine hero Doc Savage for an introduction to DCs new pulp universe, which is set to feature The Spirit and a slew of other non-powered vigilantes, and where he, as a writer, should feel even more at home.

LOBO: HIGHWAY TO HELL #1 (DC Comics, pg.83, $6.99)

Thanks a lot, Gerard Way. Now they all think they’re writers, and no one seems to remember how awful rock star attempts at writing comics have been before he came along.

Total train-wreck potential.

THE MIGHTY VOL. 1 TP (DC Comics, pg. 93, $17.99)

I haven’t read this, but the right people are talking it up. It’s a non-DCU story of a world with a single super-hero, whose police liaison discovers that not everything about him is as good as it seems. The set-up sounds intriguing, but the art by Peter Snejbjerg of Starman fame is the biggest selling point for me.

THE AUTHORITY: THE LOST YEAR #3 (DC Comics, pg. 100, $2.99)

I should be intrigued to see where this goes, what with it being co-plotted by Grant Morrison as a continuation of his aborted Authority run with Gene Ha, but the preview pages make it look like every other Authority comic I have read, and I think I may finally be over The Authority as a concept. Then again, remember when Brian Azzarello and Steve Dillon were set to relaunch the series with a storyline that was supposed to have the team fighting Jesus?

I would still read that.

THE MARVELOUS LAND OF OZ #1 (Marvel, pg. Marvel 9, $3.99)

I understand that writing and illustrating the Age of Bronze is time-consuming and that a brother needs to make a living somehow, but what the fuck? I’d like to see it finished in my lifetime! On the other hand, the Skottie Young art is great, and it wouldn’t suprise me if Shanower has all the Oz stuff memorized, having played in that sandbox for a long part of his career, and can just whip up an adaptation in no time. Either way, give the guy some money.

INCOGNITO TPB (Marvel, pg. Marvel 77, $18.99)

For my money, this was the best super-hero comic put out by Marvel this year. Except it’s about a super-villain, one whose shady past catches up to him and  shakes up his dreary, dead-end existence in the Witness Protection Program to the core. It lacks the enveloping sense of desperation and doom that made Brubaker’s and Phillips’ previous superhero noir series Sleeper such a compelling read, but it’s enjoyably pulpy and twisted in its own right.

POWERS #1 (Marvel, pg. Marvel 78, $3.95)

Like The Authority, I think I may have lost interest in this for good, especially since it became obvious that it wasn’t very high on the list of Bendis’ priorities anymore, but I’ll give this new number one a look based on the strength of previous storylines (two of the best ones being collected in POWERS: THE DEFINITIVE COLLECTION VOL.3 HC, solicited two pages later for a bargain of $29.99, which also scores you the infamous monkey sex issue).

However, at the first sighting of an open mic night, I am totally bailing again.

POPE HATS #1 (AdHouse Books, pg. 186, $4.00)

The comic book debut by the Canadian cartoonist Ethan Rilly and the winner of last year’s Xeric Foundation grant, this is a story of a young woman and her escape from both figurative and literal demons, which has been described by fellow Canadian Seth as “the most impressive debut comic I’ve seen in years.” And if there’s one good thing Canada has been able to produce, it’s good independent cartoonists. If you don’t trust Seth, trust the freaking statistics.

THE MORE THAN COMPLETE ACTION PHILOSOPHERS! TP (Evil Twin Comics, pg. 257, $24.99)

I guess the fact that I will now be buying most of the material contained herein for the third fucking time speaks for its strength (or my weakness). Presented here in chronological order are the biographies and philosophies of some of the greatest thinkers in history (and Ayn Rand), filtered through the language of genre comics. Educational and highly entertaining, this is something that both philosophy novices and professors can enjoy. Free previews here!

THE UNCLOTHED MAN IN THE 35TH CENTURY A.D. (Fantagraphics, pg. 258, $19.99)

Dash Shaw is one of the most exciting new voices in comics today, and his Bottomless Belly Button graphic novel was one of my favorite books of last year, a tragicomic tale of the dissolution of an American family in the style of Jonathan Franzen’s The Corrections. This collects a lot of his early short work, including his brilliant contributions to the MOME anthology, some rarities, and a brand new story.

GANGES #3 (Fantagraphics, pg. 259, $7.95)

Kevin Huizenga, on the other hand, is without a doubt the most promising cartoonist of his generation, and the Ganges books have so far been his best work. Part of Fantagraphics’ Ignatz line of oversized single issues, the stories of everyman Glenn Ganges have managed to be incredibly inventive and playful without losing out on emotional impact, and while each issue stands alone, you would be doing yourself a favor by picking up all of them.

FOOTNOTES IN GAZA (Metropolitan Books, pg. 278, $25.00)

After several excursions to Bosnia and Iraq, comic book journalist extraordinaire Joe Sacco returns to the Gaza strip, in what is billed as his most ambitious work yet. The focus this time is the town of Rafah, a notorious flashpoint in this most bitter of conflicts going back to 1956, in which a bloody incident left 111 Palestinian refugees dead at the hands of Israeli soldiers. As usual, Sacco immerses himself in the daily life of this town, and through the stories of its citizens uncovers the history of bloodshed spanning the last five decades.

Any book by Joe Sacco is automatically bound to be one of the most important releases of the year, and this is definitely the one book on this list I look forward to the most (after all, his Safe Area Gorazde is probably my favorite graphic novel of all time). And if the idea of comics as war reportage sounds dry to you, his work is nothing like you imagine: rather than providing casualty reports from the safety of a heavily-guarded hotel suite, Sacco is in the thick of it, crashing on people’s couches, hanging out with them, and often risking his life just to record their stories.

Deeply humanist, remarkably observant, and without any overt political agenda, Sacco is a national treasure you don’t even know you have, and you owe it to yourself to check out his work.

 footnotesingaza

OOKU: THE INNER CHAMBERS VOL. 2 (Viz, pg. 305, $12.99)

In an alternate-history Edo Period Japan, a new disease has wiped out seventy-five percent of its male population, and women are running the country, while most of the men have become a bunch of pampered pansies who are protected and prostituted. This is, along with the Sig Ikki line from Viz (dig Children of the Sea), one of the more intriguing new manga releases of this year, and while the translation, which uses Shakespearean Early Modern English to mirror 17th century Japanese, takes some getting used to, the book’s reversed take on political intrigue and sexual politics is never less than fascinating. From the author of the more light-hearted cult favorite Antique Bakery.

NEXT MONTH: More of the same!

DVD Review: The 5 Deadly Venoms (Dragon Dynasty)

Friday, August 28th, 2009

fivedeadlyvenoms

Three years after acquiring the rights to fifty old-school Shaw Brothers releases, Dragon Dynasty finally rolls out the big one, director Chang Cheh’s kung-fu classic, Five Deadly Venoms. Originally released in 1978, it is arguably the best-known Shaw Brothers movie in the world, having influenced everyone from the Wu-Tang Clan to the World of Warcraft, and even making Entertainment Weekly’s Top 50 Cult Films list.

As great as this move is, it’s hard not to see it as a sign of desperation on the part of Dragon Dynasty, who had been sitting on their rights to all these films since their initial wave of Shaw Brothers releases a year ago failed to meet the company’s financial expectations. Which was a terrible shame, in my opinion, because it consisted of six excellently put-together editions of equally choice films (The 36th Chamber of Shaolin, Come Drink With Me, Heroes of the East, My Young Auntie, The One-Armed Swordsman, and my personal favorite, Five Fingers of Death, aka King Boxer), and because it was the only thing that the company had managed to do right.

Founded by the Weinstein brothers, and featuring active involvement by Hong Kong cinema expert Bey Logan, as well as fans like RZA and Quentin Tarantino, Dragon Dynasty was initially hailed as the savior of martial arts cinema in the United States, where it has historically been subject to unnecessary cuts and dubs, often in a misguided effort to make the films more accessible to American audiences (and often at the hands of Weinsteins’ own Dimension Films label).

And for a while, it seemed like the company was really trying to treat the material with respect, and provide the consumer with the highest quality product, even though they kept the annoying habit of re-titling films in order to make them sound more appealing to the masses (the Shakespearean martial arts drama The Banquet, for example, became The Legend of the Black Scorpion under DD, despite having fuck-all to do with scorpions, of any color).

However, due to reasons about which I can only speculate (bad economy? Poor sales? Shameless opportunism?), Harvey and co. soon went back to business as usual, dumping the same incomplete Dimension cuts of classic Jet Li and Jackie Chan films onto their DVDs, sometimes even without an original language audio option, and expecting consumers to not purchase better editions available overseas.

Fortunately, this did not seem to affect their first wave of Shaw Brothers releases, all of which came from recently remastered prints from Celestial Pictures, and offered a plethora of special features, which matched or even upstaged the DVDs from the extensive Shaw Brothers catalog offered by the Hong Kong-based distribution company IVL (which used the same Celestial transfer, and which had been available for purchase at many specialized online retailers for a few years now, for the impatient among us with all-region DVD players).

fivedeadlyvenoms2

Anyway, the Region 1 faithful can rejoice now, because the wait for this one is finally over, and it was more than worth it: the picture quality is even better than on the IVL release, with more vibrant colors and a generally crisper image, and features none of the distortion and ghosting that plagued the interlaced and PAL-sourced IVL edition.

The 5.1 stereo surround remaster of the IVL release is gone, making way for the old-school English dub (which those with fond memories of the film’s initial run in the US will undoubtedly appreciate), in addition to the original Mandarin mono and a Bey Logan audio commentary track, which, as usual, is a real revelation. The man really knows his shit, and his enthusiasm and insider knowledge of martial arts and martial arts cinema always make for an exceptionally entertaining commentary.

For those of you wondering about the plot, it’s simple: the master of the Five Venoms House is dying, and his final wish is for his final student (Chiang Sheng) to seek out five mysterious former pupils, each trained in a different style modeled after a venomous animal whose name he has adopted (the Centipede, the Gecko, the Scorpion, the Snake, and the Toad), in order to team-up with the righteous ones and kill the ones who have been operating against the clan’s best interests. The problem is, since they all wore masks during their training, he has no idea what they look like, and having only been trained in a little of each style, he is no match for any of them by himself.

Needless to say, a lot of kicking and punching ensues.

fivedeadlyvenoms3

The kung-fu is a bit slow, even by Shaw Brothers standards, but the movie makes up for it in camp value (those Mexican wrestling-style masks are hilarious) and a surprisingly suspenseful plot. This is the movie that established actors Chiang Sheng, Lo Meng, Philip Kwok, Lu Feng, Sun Chien, and Wai Pak, as the so-called Venom Mob, who, together with director Chang Cheh, went on to make many more movies featuring better-choreographed fighting, but rarely one this entertaining. If anything, in addition to becoming increasingly more gory, subsequent Venom films only underlined Chang’s obsessions with bare-chested heroics and male bonding, which I personally find rather tiresome.

His work is therefore a bit of a mixed bag for me: while his focus on camaraderie and heroic bloodshed, not to mention his latent misogyny (women are often virtually non-existent in his films, and when they are featured, they are usually either harbingers of doom or total bitches), can be a detriment to my enjoyment of his movies, the absurdity and glee of some of his more outrageous concepts often manage to make up for it. As a rule, when Chang is playing it straight (as in, say, The Boxer from Shantung), chances are I won’t like it. But the campy, gloriously outlandish stuff (dig Crippled Avengers!) totally flips my shit, and I would love to see more of it.

Which is exactly why you guys need to buy this.

For $15 you won’t just be getting a fine piece of entertainment, but also encouraging the folks at Dragon Dynasty to keep up the good work they have done with their Shaw Brothers releases, and, most importantly, to keep releasing what they have. American fans of Asian cinema in general, and kung-fu films in particular, have learned the hard way that once Harvey Weinstein gets comfortable sitting on something, it’s pretty fucking hard to get him to move.

 fivedeadlyvenoms4

Previews Reviews: August 2009

Monday, August 17th, 2009

Hello, sweethearts.

Welcome to my new monthly column, in which I plumb the depths of the Previews catalog and separate the nuggets from the turds. The ultimate goal is to point out good books that may be flying under your radar, while occasionally taking advantage of the platform to mock and sneer at stuff I don’t like (you know, just for the fun of it).

Remember, no retailer can afford to order everything that is solicited every month, so letting your favored store know that you’re interested in a certain title will go a long way toward ensuring that it recieves the appropriate attention. Otherwise, it might not get ordered, and, thanks to Diamond’s new cut-off policies, it might never come out at all.

I’ll start with the covers:

Planetary #27

The cover to the August 2009 Previews catalog announces the final issue of Planetary by writer Warren Ellis and artist John Cassaday, which is probably a wise move by DC since most of the world has by now forgotten that this was still coming out. Call me fickle, but after three years I find it hard to muster up a lot of excitement for this, apart from the pretty Cassaday cover, especially considering how retarded the previous issue was.

Speaking of retarded, the flip side (or: the cover for people who like to read Previews upside down) features something called Cowboy Ninja Viking by Image Comics (apparently Monkey Pirate Zombie is taken). Seriously? From the writer whose only memorable accomplishment was having the most forgettable run on a Batman title in recent history (yeah, try to wrap your mind around that one) and the artist of that one book my overzealously Jewish friend liked because it had a Golem in it or something. Seriously?! THIS is your cover feature? Oy vey.

Moving on:

SUGARSHOCK by Joss Whedon and Fabio Moon (Dark Horse, pg. 22, $3.50)

The Eisner Award winner for Best Web Comic, originally appearing in MySpace Dark Horse Presents, and published here with never-before-seen material. The story is fun and kinetic, if a bit slight, but it’s Moon’s art that sells it for me.

BATMAN #692 by Tony Daniel (DC Comics, pg.73, $2.99)

Just when you thought things couldn’t get any worse for the Caped Crusader, Tony Daniel returns to the title as artist AND writer. Hopefully he is able to interpret his own scripts better than he did Morrison’s. ZING!

WARLORD #7 by Mike Grell (DC Comics, pg. 94, $2.99)

Mike Grell takes over pencilling duties from local boy Chad Hardin, likely to appease nostalgia-driven fanbase who has been pretty vocal in in their distaste for Hardin, presumably for not being Grell-like enough. Which is exactly the kind of reactionary knee-jerk behavior aging comics nerds seem to do best, as if that 70s shit was really all that good to begin with.

Then again, we might actually find out just how good it was, because between Grell writing and illustrating Warlord, and Gerry Conway, Doug Moench, Walter Simonson, Jim Starlin, and Marv Wolfman all doing something for DC this month, these solicitations read like they’re about thirty years late.

HELLBLAZER: SCAB TP by Peter Milligan and Giuseppe Camuncoli (DC Comics/Vertigo, pg. 115, $14.99)

I haven’t read this, but according to some, this is a return to greatness for both Milligan and Constantine, from which they’ve both been absent for far too long (I dropped Hellblazer sometime during the dismal Denise Mina run, and Milligan has been on auto-pilot since the cancellation of Human Target, if not before). So, I will probably give it a shot. As usual, a new writer on the title signals a good jumping-on point for this Vertigo mainstay.

SHADE THE CHANGING MAN VOL.1: THE AMERICAN SCREAM TP by Peter  Milligan and Chris Bachalo (DC Comics/Vertigo, pg. 119, $17.99)

A new printing of the first half of the first storyline of what is one of my favorite series of all time, with a new cover by original cover artist Brendan McCarthy (yay). It’s a bit rough in places, and Bachalo’s art certainly isn’t as refined as it would become later on in the series, but it sets the stage for some of the most innovative and mind-bending comics Vertigo has ever produced, and that includes the majority of Grant Morrison’s output.

SHADE THE CHANGING MAN VOL.2: THE EDGE OF VISION TP by Peter Milligan and Chris Bachalo (DC Comics/Vertigo, pg. 119, $19.99)

The concluding half of The American Scream, reprinted here for the first time ever. Further collected editions probably hinge on the sales of these two trade paperbacks, so please, do us both a favor and pick this up, dear reader!

X-MEN: ASGARDIAN WARS HC by Chris Claremont, Arthur Adams, and Paul Smith (Marvel, pg. Marvel 90, $34.99)

Chris Claremont’s words usually make my eyes bleed, but the pretty artwork from Art Adams and Paul Smith in oversized format might be worth a look. Hopefully, the recoloring only goes as far as that unfortunately defaced cover.

DARK REIGN: FANTASTIC FOUR TPB by Jonathan Hickman and Sean Chen (Marvel, pg. Marvel 105, $16.99)

If Hickman follows the established Bendis pattern, he has less than two years before all of his talent is destroyed by Marvel. So, enjoy his work while you still can, friends. And prepare for the inevitable tragic downfall of Matt Fraction.

GHOST COMICS by various (Bare Bones Studios, pg. 208, $10.00)

Themed anthology featuring a solid line-up of indie cartoonists, including Jeffrey BrownJohn Porcellino, and that guy from Low. A Xeric Grant recipient AND a benefit book, you practically HAVE TO buy it.

THE BOX MAN HC by Imiri Sakabashira (Drawn & Quarterly, pg. 261, $19.95)

Described as a surrealist scooter trip featuring animal people and weird sex stuff (which, along with the preview panels posted here, suggests all kinds of awesome). I have never read any Sakabashira, but if Red Colored Elegy and the Tatsumi books are any indication, Drawn & Quarterly knows exactly what kind of manga appeals to the discerning art comics reader (right, the filthy kind).

PRISON PIT by Johnny Ryan (Fantagraphics, pg. 267, $12.99)

Johnny Ryan does Kentaro Miura’s Berserk. Jog, comics blogger extraordinaire, seems to like it.

THE BEST AMERICAN COMICS 2009 HC edited by Charles Burns (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pg. 269, $22.00)

I usually have a hard time recommending these, for the work they reprint is often not in its proper length or context, but anyone looking for a very broad sampler of some of the best work currently being done in comics could probably do no better than picking up one of them. The line-up for this year, featuring work by Kevin Huizenga, Adrian Tomine, and Chris Ware, strikes me as particularly strong.

ACT-I-VATE PRIMER HC by various (IDW, pg. 282, $24.99)

New stories by the web comics collective, featuring Nick BertozziDean Haspiel, and Roger Langridge. If you’ve spent any time on the Act-i-vate website, you know this is not to be missed.

BINKY BROWN MEETS THE HOLY VIRGIN MARY HC by Justin Green (McSweeney’s, pg. 287, $29.00)

A classic of sorts, and the first long autobiographical work to appear in underground comics, this is a gloriously fucked-up study of OCD and Catholic guilt. And the incredibly corruptive power of penis rays.

STUMPTOWN #1 by Greg Rucka and Matthew Southworth (Oni Press, pg. 294, $3.99)

With Queen & Country indefinitely on hold, Rucka trades in international intrigue for neighborhood crime watch, with a new creator-owned crime series set in his current city of residence. If by now you aren’t aware that Rucka does crime as well as anyone else in comics, a mere $3.99 are likely going to correct that.

GOGO MONSTER by Taiyo Matsumoto (Viz Media, pg. 310, $27.99)

Another brick of a book by one of my favorite comics auteurs, creator of the boldly original No. 5 and Tekkon Kinkreet, who draws equally from American, European, and Japanese influences to create a uniquely gorgeous style of his own, and whose work has been criminally underrepresented here in the States. Billed as a tale of a young boy with an overly active imagination, this is bound to be as wonderfully imaginative and surreal as anything he’s done, but hopefully not as overlooked. Seriously, if there is a book in this catalog that I wish everyone reading this column would give a chance, it’s this one. Check out the pictures of the Japanese edition!

 gogomonster

NEXT MONTH: Bigger, Better, Faster, More!

Review: Seaguy (2004)

Tuesday, March 31st, 2009

“But… it seems so pointless. The rules so arbitrary.”

This grievance is uttered at the begining of Grant Morrison and Cameron Stewart’s “Seaguy” (DC/Vertigo, $9.95 US), but it’s not until the very end that these words of defeat and resignation begin to ring true. But let’s not get ahead of ourselves… So, the grim reaper is pissed off because he has just lost a routine game of chess to Seaguy, our would-be hero in scuba gear, and his cigar-smoking fish sidekick, Chubby Da Choona, who used the colour-blindness of their opponent to their advantage and moved one of Death’s own pieces against him (death is colour-blind, get it?). Of course, conventional logic dictates that if one were really colour-blind, black and white would be the only things they could tell apart, but if a chess game with death and a fucking cigar-smoking fish sidekick weren’t indication enough, this book runs almost entirely on metaphors and non-sequiturs. So, adjust your brains accordingly.

The bright and sunny dystopia of New Venice is a funhouse mirror reflection of our own society, in which corporations rule the world, and choice is merely an illusion. An apparent anomaly in this world, our melancholy protagonist strolls through his daily routine longing for a life of adventure and uncertainty, but since the ultimate battle with the evil incarnate anti-Dad, there simply is no evil left to be fought – or so everyone is led to believe. The defeat of anti-Dad, for which many super-heroes gave up their lives, and which ushered in a new era of peace and prosperity, where the remaining heroes firmly believe they are no longer necessary, despite mounting indications to the contrary, mocks the idea of successfully defeating concepts like evil and terrorism, and echoes our former president’s “Mission accomplished!” speech rather loudly.

It also makes Seaguy’s attempts to prove himself worthy of the bearded warrior princess She-Beard that much more difficult. Trapped in an endless cycle of apathy and corporate manipulation (and without the burden of a significantly long attention span), no one seems to care about children being abducted, or deadly meteorites falling from the sky. But when Xoo, a brand new form of nourishment that suddenly EVERYTHING seems to be made out of, becomes sentient and is promptly regurgitated by Seaguy, our hero and his piscine friend find themselves surrounded by soldiers of the omnipresent Mickey Eye corporation who are demanding its handover. This triggers a chain of events that finally thrusts Seaguy out of his ennui and into a picaresque adventure that takes him octopus-herding on the Easter Islands, fighting mechanical bees on the lost continent of Atlantis, and getting kidnapped by Egyptian jackal-men guarding the mysteries of the Moon.

And then things get REALLY weird.

Grant Morrison’s show-don’t-tell approach may not work for everyone, but keeping in line with his previous work, the more you are willing to invest in piecing together the bits of seemingly throw-away dialogue, and interpreting the countless visual clues, the greater your appreciation and understanding of the material is probably going to be. For example, the constant images of children being abducted, coupled with one of Xoo Industries employees bearing a very notable resemblance to the Child Catcher (the creepy kid kidnapper from the 1968 Dick Van Dyke vehicle “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang”), lead me to believe that processed children are probably one of the key ingredients of this popular “foodstuff.” And while the idea of children, or something obtained from children, being fed to the masses to keep them in a suitably child-like, ignorant state may recall the 1973 film “Soylent Green” somewhat, as commentary on our own dependence on fast-food and the role it plays in keeping the population fat and stupid, it is still as relevant as ever.

Then there is Mickey Eye, standing in for the similarly named mascot of a similarly ubiquitous global corporation, and representing the, well, Disneyfication of media and the corporate takeover of our collective consciousness and imagination. This is probably the most resounding theme of the book, and is most obviously stated at the very end, which reads as an indictment of mainstream superhero comics for their circular nature and inflexibility of their status quo. Written shortly after Morrison’s revolutionary run on “X-Men” was practicaly undone by Marvel in order to restore the product’s recognizability, the ending cannot help but feel like an extended middle finger to their corporate politics. Things are back to the way they were before, the great adventure has never happened – except, as the hero’s wink to the audience seems to indicate, WE KNOW it has, and that’s all that matters.

Unless, of course, the wink merely signifies that Seaguy is about to resume playing his usual tricks on the hapless reaper, and he really is clueless about his fate, and is doomed to a lifetime of resets, in which case everything really is pointless, and we are all fucked. I guess we’ll find out tomorrow, when the first issue of the long-awaited sequel (in what is supposed to be a trilogy) finally hits the stands. I can’t fugging wait.